Home  ›  R&a Gospel Acclamtion 2018 Feast of the Holy Family You Tube

R&a Gospel Acclamtion 2018 Feast of the Holy Family You Tube

Written By domingo, 6 de março de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Programming language for statistics

R
R logo.svg
R terminal.jpg

R terminal
Paradigms Multi-paradigm: procedural, object-oriented, functional, reflective, imperative, array[i]
Designed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman
Developer R Core Team
First appeared August 1993; 28 years ago  (1993-08)
Stable release

4.1.two[2] / 1 November 2021; 4 months ago  (1 November 2021)

Typing discipline Dynamic
License GNU GPL v2
Filename extensions
  • .r[3]
  • .rdata
  • .rds
  • .rda[iv]
Website www.r-project.org Edit this at Wikidata
Influenced by
  • Lisp
  • S
  • Scheme
Influenced
Julia[5]
  • R Programming at Wikibooks

R is a programming linguistic communication for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Squad and the R Foundation for Statistical Calculating. Created by statisticians Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, R is used amongst information miners and statisticians for data analysis and developing statistical software. Users have created packages to augment the functions of the R language.

According to surveys similar Rexer'south Annual Data Miner Survey and studies of scholarly literature databases, R is one of the virtually commonly used programming language used in information mining.[six] [ citation needed ] Equally of February 2022,[update] R ranks 13th in the TIOBE index, a measure of programming language popularity.[7]

The official R software surroundings is an open-source free software environment within the GNU package, bachelor nether the GNU General Public License. It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself (partially self-hosting). Precompiled executables are provided for diverse operating systems. R has a command line interface. Multiple 3rd-party graphical user interfaces are as well bachelor, such every bit RStudio, an integrated development surround, and Jupyter, a notebook interface.

History [edit]

R is an open-source implementation of the Southward programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics from Scheme, which permit objects to be defined in predetermined blocks rather than the entirety of the code.[1] S was created by Rick Becker, John Chambers, Doug Dunn, Jean McRae, and Judy Schilling at Bell Labs around 1976. Designed for statistical analysis, the linguistic communication is an interpreted linguistic communication whose code could exist direct run without a compiler.[8] Many programs written for S run unaltered in R.[9] As a dialect of the Lisp language, Scheme was created by Gerald J. Sussman and Guy L. Steele Jr. at MIT around 1975.[x]

In 1991, statisticians Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, embarked on an S implementation.[11] Information technology was named partly subsequently the start names of the beginning 2 R authors and partly as a play on the name of S.[ix] They began publicizing it on the information archive StatLib and the s-news mailing listing in Baronial 1993.[12] In 1995, statistician Martin Mächler convinced Ihaka and Admirer to brand R a free and open up-source software under the GNU Full general Public License.[12] [xiii] [14] The first official release came in June 1995.[12] The first official "stable beta" version (v1.0) was released on 29 February 2000.[fifteen] [xvi]

The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) was officially announced on 23 Apr 1997. CRAN stores R's executable files, source code, documentations, also as packages contributed by users. CRAN originally had 3 mirrors and 12 contributed packages.[17] As of Jan 2022, it has 101 mirrors[18] and 18,728 contributed packages.[19]

The R Core Team was formed in 1997 to farther develop the language.[nine] As of January 2022[update], it consists of Chambers, Gentleman, Ihaka, and Mächler, plus statisticians Douglas Bates, Peter Dalgaard, Kurt Hornik, Michael Lawrence, Friedrich Leisch, Uwe Ligges, Thomas Lumley, Sebastian Meyer, Paul Murrell, Martyn Plummer, Brian Ripley, Deepayan Sarkar, Duncan Temple Lang, Luke Tierney, and Simon Urbanek, as well equally computer scientist Tomas Kalibera. Stefano Iacus, Guido Masarotto, Heiner Schwarte, Seth Falcon, Martin Morgan, and Duncan Murdoch were members.[20] In April 2003,[21] the R Foundation was founded as a non-profit arrangement to provide further support for the R project.[9]

Features [edit]

Information processing [edit]

R's data structures include vectors, arrays, lists, and information frames.[22] Vectors are ordered collections of values and tin can be mapped to arrays of one or more than dimensions in a cavalcade major order. That is, given an ordered collection of dimensions, ane fills in values forth the first dimension beginning, so fill in 1-dimensional arrays across the 2d dimension, and so on.[23] R supports array arithmetics and in this regard is like languages such as APL and MATLAB.[22] [24] The special case of an array with two dimensions is called a matrix. Lists serve as collections of objects that do non necessarily accept the same data type. Information frames comprise a list of vectors of the same length, plus a unique set of row names.[22] R has no scalar information type.[25] Instead, a scalar is represented every bit a length-one vector.[26]

R and its libraries implement diverse statistical techniques, including linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial and time-series analysis, classification, clustering, and others. For computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code tin can be linked and called at run time. Another of R'southward strengths is static graphics; it can produce publication-quality graphs that include mathematical symbols.[27]

Programming [edit]

R is an interpreted language; users can access it through a control-line interpreter. If a user types two+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4.

R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions, object-oriented programming with generic functions.[28] Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing languages.[ citation needed ] Extending it is facilitated by its lexical scoping rules, which are derived from Scheme.[29] R uses S-expressions to stand for both information and code.[ citation needed ] R's extensible object organization includes objects for (among others): regression models, time-series and geo-spatial coordinates. Advanced users tin can write C, C++,[30] Coffee,[31] .NET[32] or Python code to manipulate R objects straight.[33]

Functions are first-course objects and can exist manipulated in the aforementioned style as data objects, facilitating meta-programming that allows multiple dispatch. Function arguments are passed by value, and are lazy—that is to say, they are only evaluated when they are used, non when the role is chosen.[34] A generic role acts differently depending on the classes of the arguments passed to information technology. In other words, the generic part dispatches the method implementation specific to that object's form. For case, R has a generic print function that can print almost every grade of object in R with print(objectname).[35] Many of R's standard functions are written in R,[ citation needed ] which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. R is highly extensible through the utilise of packages for specific functions and specific applications.

Packages [edit]

R's capabilities are extended through user-created[36] packages, which offering statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export, reporting (RMarkdown, knitr, Sweave), etc. R'south packages and the ease of installing and using them, has been cited equally driving the language'south widespread adoption in data science.[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] The packaging system is too used by researchers to create compendia to organise inquiry data, code and report files in a systematic fashion for sharing and archiving.[42]

Multiple packages are included with the bones installation. Additional packages are available on CRAN,[eighteen] Bioconductor, Omegahat,[43] GitHub, and other repositories.[44] [45] [46]

The "Task Views" on the CRAN website[47] lists packages in fields including Finance, Genetics, Loftier Functioning Calculating, Auto Learning, Medical Imaging, Social Sciences and Spatial Statistics. R has been identified by the FDA as suitable for interpreting data from clinical research.[48] Microsoft maintains a daily snapshot of CRAN that dates back to Sept. 17, 2014.[49]

Other R package resources include R-Forge,[l] a platform for the collaborative evolution of R packages. The Bioconductor project provides packages for genomic data analysis, including object-oriented data-handling and analysis tools for data from Affymetrix, cDNA microarray, and next-generation high-throughput sequencing methods.[51]

A group of packages called the Tidyverse, which can exist considered a "dialect" of the R language, is increasingly popular amongst developers.[annotation 1] It strives to provide a cohesive drove of functions to bargain with common data science tasks, including data import, cleaning, transformation and visualisation (notably with the ggplot2 packet). Dynamic and interactive graphics are bachelor through additional packages.[52]

R is one of 5 languages with an Apache Spark API, forth with Scala, Java, Python, and SQL.[53] [54]

Milestones [edit]

A list of changes in R releases is maintained in various "news" files at CRAN.[55] Some highlights are listed below for several major releases.

Release Appointment Description
0.16 This is the final alpha version adult primarily by Ihaka and Admirer. Much of the bones functionality from the "White Book" (run into S history) was implemented. The mailing lists commenced on 1 Apr 1997.
0.49 1997-04-23 This is the oldest source release which is currently bachelor on CRAN.[56] CRAN is started on this date, with 3 mirrors that initially hosted 12 packages.[57] Alpha versions of R for Microsoft Windows and the archetype Mac Os are made available soon after this version.[ commendation needed ]
0.sixty 1997-12-05 R becomes an official function of the GNU Project. The code is hosted and maintained on CVS.
0.65.1 1999-ten-07 Commencement versions of update.packages and install.packages functions for downloading and installing packages from CRAN.[58]
1.0 2000-02-29 Considered by its developers stable plenty for production utilize.[59]
ane.4 2001-12-19 S4 methods are introduced and the first version for Mac Os Ten is made bachelor presently after.
1.8 2003-ten-08 Introduced a flexible condition handling mechanism for signalling and treatment condition objects.
2.0 2004-ten-04 Introduced lazy loading, which enables fast loading of data with minimal expense of organisation retentivity.
ii.1 2005-04-eighteen Support for UTF-viii encoding, and the ancestry of internationalization and localization for unlike languages.
2.6.ii 2008-02-08 Final version to support Windows 95, 98, Me and NT four.0[threescore]
2.11 2010-04-22 Support for Windows 64-bit systems.
2.12.two 2011-02-25 Last version to support Windows 2000[61]
2.xiii 2011-04-14 Adding a new compiler role that allows speeding up functions by converting them to bytecode.
2.14 2011-x-31 Added mandatory namespaces for packages. Added a new parallel parcel.
2.15 2012-03-30 New load balancing functions. Improved serialisation speed for long vectors.
3.0.0 2013-04-03 Support for numeric index values 231 and larger on 64-bit systems.
3.iii.3 2017-03-06 Terminal version to support Microsoft Windows XP.
3.4.0 2017-04-21 Just-in-time compilation (JIT) of functions and loops to byte-code enabled past default.
3.v.0 2018-04-23 Packages byte-compiled on installation by default. Compact internal representation of integer sequences. Added a new serialisation format to support compact internal representations.
three.6.0 2019-04-26 Improved sampling from a detached uniform distribution, which was noticeably non-uniform on large populations.[62] New serialisation format supported since 3.5.0 becomes the default.
4.0.0 2020-04-24 R now uses a stringsAsFactors = Simulated default, and hence past default no longer converts strings to factors in calls to data.frame() and read.table(). Reference counting is used for tracking object sharing, which reduces the demand for copying objects. New syntax for raw string constants.
4.one.0 2021-05-18 Introduced |> as the pipe operator for base R syntax (like to the %>% operator of the magrittr package) and the bearding function shortcut syntax \(10) x+one

Interfaces [edit]

Diverse applications can be used to edit or run R code.[63]

Early developers preferred to run R via the control line console,[64] succeeded by those who prefer an IDE.[65] IDEs for R include (in alphabetical order) Rattle GUI, R Commander, RKWard, RStudio, and Tinn-R.[64] R is also supported in multi-purpose IDEs such every bit Eclipse via the StatET plugin,[66] and Visual Studio via the R Tools for Visual Studio.[67] Of these, RStudio is the nigh normally used.[65]

Editors that support R include Emacs, Vim (Nvim-R plugin),[68] Kate,[69] LyX,[70] Notepad++,[71] Visual Studio Code, WinEdt,[72] and Tinn-R.[73] Jupyter Notebook tin can also exist configured to edit and run R lawmaking.[74]

R functionality is accessible from scripting languages including Python,[75] Perl,[76] Scarlet,[77] F#,[78] and Julia.[79] Interfaces to other, high-level programming languages, like Java[80] and .Net C#[81] [82] are bachelor.

Implementations [edit]

The chief R implementation is written in R, C, and Fortran.[83] Several other implementations aimed at improving speed or increasing extensibility. A closely related implementation is pqR (pretty quick R) by Radford M. Neal with improved memory direction and support for automatic multithreading. Renjin and FastR are Java implementations of R for use in a Java Virtual Machine. CXXR, rho, and Riposte[84] are implementations of R in C++. Renjin, Riposte, and pqR endeavor to improve operation past using multiple cores and deferred evaluation.[85] Most of these alternative implementations are experimental and incomplete, with relatively few users, compared to the main implementation maintained past the R Development Core Squad.

TIBCO built a runtime engine chosen TERR, which is part of Spotfire.[86]

Microsoft R Open (MRO) is a fully compatible R distribution with modifications for multi-threaded computations.[87] [88] As of thirty June 2021, Microsoft started to stage out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution. [89]

Communities [edit]

R has local communities worldwide for users to network, share ideas, and learn.[ninety] [91]

A growing number of R events bring users together, such as conferences (e.g. useR!, WhyR?, conectaR, SatRdays),[92] [93] meetups,[94] as well equally R-Ladies groups[95] that promote gender diversity. The R Foundation taskforce focuses on women and other under-represented groups.[96]

useR! conferences [edit]

The official annual gathering of R users is called "useR!".[97] The first such event was useR! 2004 in May 2004, Vienna, Republic of austria.[98] After skipping 2005, the useR! briefing has been held annually, usually alternating between locations in Europe and Northward America.[99] History:[97]

  • useR! 2006, Vienna, Austria
  • useR! 2007, Ames, Iowa, US
  • useR! 2008, Dortmund, Germany
  • useR! 2009, Rennes, France
  • useR! 2010, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United states of america
  • useR! 2011, Coventry, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
  • useR! 2012, Nashville, Tennessee, Us
  • useR! 2013, Albacete, Spain
  • useR! 2014, Los Angeles, California, United states of america
  • useR! 2015, Aalborg, Denmark
  • useR! 2016, Stanford, California, Us
  • useR! 2017, Brussels, Belgium
  • useR! 2018, Brisbane, Australia
  • useR! 2019, Toulouse, France
  • useR! 2020, took place online due to COVID-19 pandemic
  • useR! 2021, took place online due to COVID-19 pandemic

As of Nov 2021,[update] no side by side event date has been ready even so. [100]

The R Journal [edit]

The R Periodical is an open access, refereed periodical of the R project. Information technology features short to medium length manufactures on the employ and development of R, including packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news.

Comparing with alternatives [edit]

R is comparable to popular commercial statistical packages such as SAS, SPSS, and Stata. 1 difference is that R is available at no accuse nether a complimentary software license.[101]

In Jan 2009, the New York Times ran an commodity charting the growth of R, the reasons for its popularity among information scientists and the threat it poses to commercial statistical packages such as SAS.[102] In June 2017 data scientist Robert Muenchen published a more in-depth comparison between R and other software packages, "The Popularity of Data Science Software".[103]

R is more than procedural than either SAS or SPSS, both of which make heavy employ of pre-programmed procedures (called "procs") that are built-in to the language environs and customized by parameters of each call. R generally processes data in-retentiveness, which limits its usefulness in processing larger files.[104]

Commercial support [edit]

Although R is an open up-source project, some companies provide commercial back up and extensions.

In 2007, Richard Schultz, Martin Schultz, Steve Weston and Kirk Mettler founded Revolution Analytics to provide commercial support for Revolution R, their distribution of R, which includes components adult by the company. Major boosted components include: ParallelR, the R Productivity Environment IDE, RevoScaleR (for large data assay), RevoDeployR, web services framework, and the ability for reading and writing data in the SAS file format.[105] Revolution Analytics offers an R distribution designed to comply with established IQ/OQ/PQ criteria that enables clients in the pharmaceutical sector to validate their installation of REvolution R.[106] In 2015, Microsoft Corporation acquired Revolution Analytics[107] and integrated the R programming language into SQL Server, Power BI, Azure SQL Managed Case, Azure Cortana Intelligence, Microsoft ML Server and Visual Studio 2017.[108]

In October 2011, Oracle announced the Big Data Appliance, which integrates R, Apache Hadoop, Oracle Linux, and a NoSQL database with Exadata hardware.[109] As of 2012[update], Oracle R Enterprise[110] became one of ii components of the "Oracle Advanced Analytics Pick"[111] (alongside Oracle Data Mining).[ citation needed ]

IBM offers support for in-Hadoop execution of R,[112] and provides a programming model for massively parallel in-database analytics in R.[113]

TIBCO offers a runtime-version R equally a function of Spotfire.[114]

Mango Solutions offers a validation package for R, ValidR,[115] [116] to comply with drug approving agencies, such as the FDA. These agencies required the utilize of validated software, as attested by the vendor or sponsor.[117]

Examples [edit]

Basic syntax [edit]

The post-obit examples illustrate the bones syntax of the language and utilize of the command-line interface. (An expanded listing of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R".[118])

In R, the generally preferred assignment operator is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be used in some cases.[119] [120] 

                        >                        x            <-            i            :            6            # Create a numeric vector in the electric current environment            >                        y            <-            x            ^            ii            # Create vector based on the values in 10.            >                        impress            (            y            )            # Print the vector'southward contents.            [1]  one  4  9 16 25 36            >                        z            <-            x            +            y            # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y            >                        z            # Return the contents of z to the current surroundings.            [1]  ii  vi 12 20 30 42            >                        z_matrix            <-            matrix            (            z            ,            nrow            =            3            )            # Create a new matrix that turns the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object            >                        z_matrix                          [,1] [,2]            [ane,]    ii   xx            [ii,]    6   30            [3,]   12   42            >                        2            *            t            (            z_matrix            )            -2            # Transpose the matrix, multiply every element past ii, subtract 2 from each element in the matrix, and return the results to the terminal.                          [,i] [,2] [,3]            [ane,]    ii   10   22            [ii,]   38   58   82            >                        new_df            <-            data.frame            (            t            (            z_matrix            ),            row.names            =            c            (            'A'            ,            'B'            ))            # Create a new data.frame object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B'            >                        names            (            new_df            )            <-            c            (            'X'            ,            'Y'            ,            'Z'            )            # Ready the column names of new_df as X, Y, and Z.            >                        print            (            new_df            )            # Print the current results.                          X  Y  Z            A  2  vi 12            B 20 30 42            >                        new_df            $            Z            # Output the Z column            [1] 12 42            >                        new_df            $            Z            ==            new_df            [            'Z'            ]            &&            new_df            [            3            ]            ==            new_df            $            Z            # The information.frame column Z can be accessed using $Z, ['Z'], or [3] syntax, and the values are the same.                        [one] True            >                        attributes            (            new_df            )            # Print attributes information about the new_df object            $names            [1] "Ten" "Y" "Z"            $row.names            [1] "A" "B"            $class            [i] "information.frame"            >                        attributes            (            new_df            )            $            row.names            <-            c            (            'one'            ,            'ii'            )            # Access and and so change the row.names attribute; can likewise be washed using rownames()            >                        new_df                          X  Y  Z            ane  2  6 12            two xx thirty 42

Construction of a role [edit]

One of R'southward strengths is the ease of creating new functions. Objects in the part trunk remain local to the function, and any data blazon may be returned.[121] Example: 

                        # Declare role "f" with parameters "x", "y"            # that returns a linear combination of x and y.            f            <-            function            (            ten            ,            y            )            {            z            <-            3            *            x            +            four            *            y            return            (            z            )            ## the return() part is optional here            }          
                        >                        f            (            1            ,            2            )            [1] eleven            >                        f            (            c            (            1            ,            2            ,            3            ),            c            (            5            ,            3            ,            4            ))            [1] 23 18 25            >                        f            (            ane            :            3            ,            4            )            [i] 19 22 25

Modeling and plotting [edit]

The R linguistic communication has built-in back up for information modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R tin can hands generate and plot a linear model with residuals.

Diagnostic plots from plotting "model" (q.5. "plot.lm()" function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot).

                        >                        x            <-            1            :            6            # Create ten and y values            >                        y            <-            x            ^            2            >                        model            <-            lm            (            y            ~            x            )            # Linear regression model y = A + B * x.            >                        summary            (            model            )            # Display an in-depth summary of the model.            Call:            lm(formula = y ~ x)            Residuals:                          1       ii       3       iv       v       6       vii       8      9      10                          iii.3333 -0.6667 -two.6667 -two.6667 -0.6667  three.3333            Coefficients:                          Approximate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)                        (Intercept)  -9.3333     two.8441  -3.282 0.030453 *                        x             7.0000     0.7303   9.585 0.000662 ***            ---            Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1            Remainder standard mistake: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom            Multiple R-squared:  0.9583, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9478            F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF,  p-value: 0.000662            >                        par            (            mfrow            =            c            (            2            ,            ii            ))            # Create a ii by 2 layout for figures.            >                        plot            (            model            )            # Output diagnostic plots of the model.

Mandelbrot set [edit]

Short R code computing Mandelbrot set up through the first 20 iterations of equation z = z 2 + c plotted for different complex constants c. This example demonstrates:

"Mandelbrot.gif" – graphics created in R with 14 lines of code in Example 2

  • utilise of community-adult external libraries (called packages), in this case caTools package
  • treatment of complex numbers
  • multidimensional arrays of numbers used equally basic data type, see variables C, Z and X.
                        install.packages            (            "caTools"            )            # install external parcel            library            (            caTools            )            # external package providing write.gif office            jet.colors            <-            colorRampPalette            (            c            (            "green"            ,            "pinkish"            ,            "#007FFF"            ,            "cyan"            ,            "#7FFF7F"            ,            "white"            ,            "#FF7F00"            ,            "red"            ,            "#7F0000"            ))            dx            <-            1500            # ascertain width            dy            <-            1400            # define height            C            <-            circuitous            (            existent            =            rep            (            seq            (            -2.two            ,            1.0            ,            length.out            =            dx            ),            each            =            dy            ),            imag            =            rep            (            seq            (            -ane.2            ,            1.2            ,            length.out            =            dy            ),            dx            ))            C            <-            matrix            (            C            ,            dy            ,            dx            )            # reshape equally square matrix of circuitous numbers            Z            <-            0            # initialize Z to zilch            X            <-            assortment            (            0            ,            c            (            dy            ,            dx            ,            xx            ))            # initialize output 3D assortment            for                        (            thousand            in            1            :            20            )            {            # loop with 20 iterations            Z            <-            Z            ^            2            +            C            # the cardinal departure equation            Ten            [,            ,            chiliad            ]            <-            exp            (            -            abs            (            Z            ))            # capture results            }            write.gif            (            10            ,            "Mandelbrot.gif"            ,            col            =            jet.colors            ,            delay            =            100            )

See as well [edit]

  • R package
  • Comparing of numerical-analysis software
  • Comparing of statistical packages
  • List of numerical-assay software
  • List of statistical software
  • Rmetrics

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Every bit of thirteen June 2020,[update] Metacran listed 7 of the 8 core packages of the Tidyverse in the listing of nearly download R packages.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon; Osvald, Leo; Vitek, Jan (xi June 2012). "Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data assay". European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. 2012: 104–131. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6. Retrieved 17 May 2016 – via SpringerLink.
  2. ^ Peter Dalgaard (1 November 2021). "R 4.1.2 is released". Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  3. ^ "R scripts". mercury.webster.edu . Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  4. ^ "R Information Format Family (.rdata, .rda)". Loc.gov. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved v August 2018.
  6. ^ R's popularity
    • David Smith (2012); R Tops Data Mining Software Poll, R-bloggers, 31 May 2012.
    • Karl Rexer, Heather Allen, & Paul Gearan (2011); 2011 Data Miner Survey Summary, presented at Predictive Analytics World, October. 2011.
    • Robert A. Muenchen (2012). "The Popularity of Information Analysis Software".
    • Tippmann, Sylvia (29 December 2014). "Programming tools: Adventures with R". Nature. 517 (7532): 109–110. doi:10.1038/517109a. PMID 25557714.
  7. ^ "TIOBE Index - The Software Quality Company". TIOBE . Retrieved 16 August 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Becker, Richard A., A Cursory History of S, CiteSeerX10.1.1.131.1428 , retrieved 12 January 2022
  9. ^ a b c d Kurt Hornik. The R FAQ: Why R?. ISBN3-900051-08-9 . Retrieved 29 January 2008.
  10. ^ Sussman, Gerald Jay; Steele, Guy 50. (one December 1998). "The First Report on Scheme Revisited". College-Order and Symbolic Computation. 11 (4): 399–404. doi:10.1023/A:1010079421970. ISSN 1573-0557. S2CID 7704398.
  11. ^ "Academic unfazed past rock star status". NZ Herald . Retrieved xxx Dec 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Ihaka, Ross (1998). R : Past and Time to come History (PDF) (Technical written report). Interface '98: Statistics Department, The Academy of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. {{cite techreport}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. ^ "R license". r-project. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  14. ^ GNU projection
    • "GNU R". Gratuitous Software Foundation (FSF) Gratis Software Directory. 23 April 2018. Retrieved seven August 2018.
    • R Project (n.d.). "What is R?". Retrieved vii August 2018.
  15. ^ "Over 16 years of R Project history". Revolutions . Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  16. ^ Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Hereafter" (PDF). stat.auckland.air conditioning.nz.
  17. ^ Kurt Hornik (23 April 1997). "Announce: CRAN". r-aid. Wikidata Q101068595. .
  18. ^ a b "CRAN - Mirrors". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved fifteen January 2022.
  19. ^ "CRAN - Contributed Packages". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  20. ^ "R: Contributors". R Project . Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  21. ^ Mächler, Martin; Hornik, Kurt (December 2014). "R Foundation News" (PDF). The R Journal . Retrieved 30 December 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b c Dalgaard, Peter (2002). Introductory Statistics with R . New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. ten–18, 34. ISBN0387954759.
  23. ^ An Introduction to R, Section 5.one: Arrays. Retrieved in 2010-03 from https://cran.r-project.org/physician/manuals/R-intro.html#Arrays.
  24. ^ Chen, Han-feng; Wai-mee, Ching; Da, Zheng. "A Comparing Study on Execution Performance of MATLAB and APL" (PDF). McGill University . Retrieved 16 Feb 2022.
  25. ^ Ihaka, Ross; Gentlman, Robert (September 1996). "R: A Language for Data Assay and Graphics" (PDF). Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. American Statistical Association. 5 (three): 299–314. doi:10.2307/1390807. JSTOR 1390807. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  26. ^ "Data structures · Advanced R." adv-r.had.co.nz . Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  27. ^ "R: What is R?". R-project.org . Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  28. ^ White, Homer. 14.1 Programming Paradigms | Beginning Information science with R.
  29. ^ Jackman, Simon (Bound 2003). "R For the Political Methodologist" (PDF). The Political Methodologist. Political Methodology Section, American Political Scientific discipline Clan. 11 (one): 20–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2006. Retrieved xiii September 2018.
  30. ^ Eddelbuettel, Dirk; Francois, Romain (2011). "Rcpp: Seamless R and C++ Integration". Journal of Statistical Software. 40 (8). doi:10.18637/jss.v040.i08.
  31. ^ "nution-j2r: Java library to invoke R native functions". Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  32. ^ .NET Framework
    • "Making GUIs using C# and R with the assist of R.NET". nineteen June 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
    • "R.Net homepage". Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
    • Haynold, Oliver One thousand. (Apr 2011). An Rserve Customer Implementation for CLI/.Internet (PDF). R/Finance 2011. Chicago, IL, United states. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  33. ^ R manuals. "Writing R Extensions". r-projection.org . Retrieved thirteen September 2018.
  34. ^ "Functions · Advanced R." adv-r.had.co.nz.
  35. ^ R Core Team. "Print Values". R Documentation. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  36. ^ Hadley, Wickham; Bryan, Jenny. "R packages: Organize, Exam, Document, and Share Your Lawmaking".
  37. ^ Chambers, John Chiliad. (2020). "S, R, and Data Science". The R Journal. 12 (i): 462–476. doi:10.32614/RJ-2020-028. ISSN 2073-4859.
  38. ^ Vance, Ashlee (vi Jan 2009). "Data Analysts Captivated by R's Ability". New York Times.
  39. ^ Tippmann, Sylvia (29 December 2014). "Programming tools: Adventures with R". Nature News. 517 (7532): 109–110. doi:10.1038/517109a. PMID 25557714.
  40. ^ Thieme, Nick (2018). "R generation". Significance. 15 (four): 14–xix. doi:ten.1111/j.1740-9713.2018.01169.10. ISSN 1740-9713.
  41. ^ widely used
    • Fox, John & Andersen, Robert (January 2005). "Using the R Statistical Computing Environment to Teach Social Statistics Courses" (PDF). Department of Sociology, McMaster University. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
    • Vance, Ashlee (half dozen Jan 2009). "Information Analysts Absorbed by R's Power". New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018. R is also the proper name of a popular programming language used by a growing number of data analysts within corporations and academia. It is becoming their lingua franca...
  42. ^ Marwick, Ben; Boettiger, Carl; Mullen, Lincoln (26 Baronial 2017). "Packaging data analytical work reproducibly using R (and friends)". PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.3192v1. ISSN 2167-9843.
  43. ^ "Omegahat.net". Omegahat.net. Retrieved xvi September 2018.
  44. ^ packages available from repositories
    • Robert A. Muenchen (2012). "The Popularity of Information Assay Software".
    • Tippmann, Sylvia (29 December 2014). "Programming tools: Adventures with R". Nature. 517 (7532): 109–110. doi:ten.1038/517109a. PMID 25557714.
    • "Search all R packages and function manuals | Rdocumentation". Rdocumentation. sixteen June 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  45. ^ Wickham, Hadley; Bryan, Jennifer. Chapter 10 Object documentation | R Packages.
  46. ^ "Rd formatting". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  47. ^ "CRAN Task Views". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  48. ^ "FDA: R OK for drug trials". Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  49. ^ "CRAN Fourth dimension Machine. MRAN". Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  50. ^ "R-Forge: Welcome". Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  51. ^ Huber, Due west; Carey, VJ; Gentleman, R; Anders, S; Carlson, Thousand; Carvalho, BS; Bravo, HC; Davis, South; Gatto, L; Girke, T; Gottardo, R; Hahne, F; Hansen, KD; Irizarry, RA; Lawrence, Grand; Honey, MI; MacDonald, J; Obenchain, V; Oleś, AK; Pagès, H; Reyes, A; Shannon, P; Smyth, GK; Tenenbaum, D; Waldron, 50; Morgan, M (2015). "Orchestrating loftier-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor". Nature Methods. Nature Publishing Group. 12 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3252. PMC4509590. PMID 25633503.
  52. ^ Lewin-Koh, Nicholas (7 January 2015). "CRAN Task View: Graphic Displays & Dynamic Graphics & Graphic Devices & Visualization". The Comprehensive R Annal Network. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  53. ^ "Spark API Documentation". Spark.
  54. ^ "SparkR (R on Spark)". Spark.
  55. ^ Changes in versions 3.0.0 onward: "R News". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved three July 2014. Earlier change logs (by major release number):
    • "NEWS". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 28 June 2020.
    • "NEWS.three". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 28 June 2020.
    • "NEWS.ii". cran.r-projection.org . Retrieved viii April 2017.
    • "NEWS.1". cran.r-projection.org . Retrieved 8 April 2017.
    • "NEWS.0". cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 8 Apr 2017.
  56. ^ "Alphabetize of /src/base/R-0". cran.r-project.org.
  57. ^ "Announce: CRAN". stat.ethz.ch.
  58. ^ "0.99 Serial NEWS : CHANGES IN R VERSION 0.99.0". Cran.r-project.org . Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  59. ^ Peter Dalgaard. "R-one.0.0 is released". Stat.ethz.ch . Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  60. ^ "CHANGES IN R VERSION 2.7.0". Cran-archive.r-project.org . Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  61. ^ "R FAQ". Cran.r-projection.org . Retrieved xx March 2020.
  62. ^ Ottoboni, Kellie; Stark, Philip B. (2018). "Random problems with R". arXiv:1809.06520 [cs.MS].
  63. ^ "Recommendations for Windows text editor for R (StackOverflow)". Stackoverflow.com . Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  64. ^ a b "Poll: R GUIs you utilize frequently (2011)". kdnuggets.com . Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  65. ^ a b "R Programming - The State of Developer Ecosystem in 2020 Infographic". JetBrains: Programmer Tools for Professionals and Teams . Retrieved xvi August 2021.
  66. ^ Stephan Wahlbrink. "StatET for R".
  67. ^ "Piece of work with R in Visual Studio". Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  68. ^ "Nvim-R - Plugin to piece of work with R : vim online". Vim.org . Retrieved half dozen March 2019.
  69. ^ "Syntax Highlighting". Kate Development Team. Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. Retrieved ix July 2008.
  70. ^ Paul E. Johnson & Gregor Gorjanc. "LyX with R through Sweave". Retrieved 4 Apr 2017.
  71. ^ "NppToR: R in Notepad++". sourceforge.net. 8 May 2013. Retrieved xviii September 2013.
  72. ^ Uwe Ligges (5 Jan 2017). "RWinEdt: R Interface to 'WinEdt'". Retrieved 4 Apr 2017.
  73. ^ "Tinn-R". Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  74. ^ "Using the R programming linguistic communication in Jupyter Notebook". Anaconda . Retrieved xiv September 2020.
  75. ^ Gautier, Laurent. "rpy2 - R in Python". Retrieved 30 Nov 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  76. ^ Florent Angly. "Statistics::R - Perl interface with the R statistical program". Metacpan.org.
  77. ^ Alex Gutteridge (fifteen July 2021). "GitHub - alexgutteridge/rsruby: Ruby - R bridge". Github.com.
  78. ^ BlueMountain Capital. "F# R Type Provider".
  79. ^ "JuliaInterop/RCall.jl". Github.com. 2 June 2021.
  80. ^ "Rserve - Binary R server - RForge.cyberspace". Rforge.net.
  81. ^ "konne/RserveCLI2". Github.com. 8 March 2021.
  82. ^ "R.NET". Jmp75.github.io . Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  83. ^ "r-source: Read but mirror of R source lawmaking on GitHub". GitHub . Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  84. ^ Talbot, Justin; DeVito, Zachary; Hanrahan, Pat (i January 2012). "Riposte: A Trace-driven Compiler and Parallel VM for Vector Code in R". Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques. ACM: 43–52. doi:x.1145/2370816.2370825. S2CID 1989369.
  85. ^ Neal, Radford (25 July 2013). "Deferred evaluation in Renjin, Riposte, and pqR". Radford Neal'south blog . Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  86. ^ Jackson, Joab (sixteen May 2013). TIBCO offers free R to the enterprise. PC World. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  87. ^ "Home". mran.microsoft.com . Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  88. ^ "Microsoft R Open: The Enhanced R Distribution". Retrieved thirty June 2018.
  89. ^ "Looking to the future for R in Azure SQL and SQL Server". 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  90. ^ "Local R User Grouping Directory". Revolutions Blog . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  91. ^ A list of R conferences and meetings. Jumping Rivers . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  92. ^ "official website of WhyR? conference". WhyR? . Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  93. ^ "SatRdays list". SatRdays . Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  94. ^ "R Project for Statistical Computing". Meetup . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  95. ^ "R Ladies". R Ladies . Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  96. ^ "Forwards". Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  97. ^ a b "R: Conferences". r-project.org. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  98. ^ "useR! 2004 - The R User Conference". 27 May 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  99. ^ R Project (ix Baronial 2013). "R-related Conferences". Retrieved fifteen Baronial 2019.
  100. ^ "R: Conferences". R-project.org.
  101. ^ Burns, Patrick (27 February 2007). "Comparison of R to SAS, Stata and SPSS" (PDF) . Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  102. ^ R every bit competition for commercial statistical packages
    • Vance, Ashlee (7 January 2009). "Data Analysts Are Mesmerized by the Power of Program R: [Business/Financial Desk-bound]". The New York Times.
    • Vance, Ashlee (viii January 2009). "R Y'all Prepare for R?". The New York Times.
  103. ^ Muenchen, Robert (19 June 2017). "The Popularity of Data Scientific discipline Software". Retrieved 21 Nov 2018.
  104. ^ "R vs. SPSS".
  105. ^ Morgan, Timothy Prickett (2011-02-07). "'Carmine Hat for stats' goes toe-to-toe with SAS". The Register, 7 February 2011. Retrieved from https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/07/revolution_r_sas_challenge/.
  106. ^ "Analyzing clinical trial information for FDA submissions with R". Revolution Analytics. 14 January 2009. Retrieved xx September 2018.
  107. ^ Sirosh, Joseph. "Microsoft Closes Conquering of Revolution Analytics". blogs.technet.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  108. ^ "Introducing R Tools for Visual Studio". Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  109. ^ Oracle Corporation's Big Information Appliance
    • Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Makes Big Data Appliance Motion With Cloudera, InformationWeek, 10 Jan 2012.
    • Jaikumar Vijayan (2012); Oracle's Large Data Appliance brings focus to arranged approach, ComputerWorld, 11 January 2012.
    • Timothy Prickett Morgan (2011); Oracle rolls its own NoSQL and Hadoop Oracle rolls its own NoSQL and Hadoop, The Annals, 3 October 2011.
  110. ^ Chris Kanaracus (2012); Oracle Stakes Claim in R With Advanced Analytics Launch, PC World, Feb eight, 2012.
  111. ^ Doug Henschen (2012); Oracle Stakes Merits in R With Advanced Analytics Launch, InformationWeek, April iv, 2012.
  112. ^ "What'southward New in IBM InfoSphere BigInsights v2.1.2". IBM. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  113. ^ "IBM PureData Organisation for Analytics" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  114. ^ Tibco. "Unleash the agility of R for the Enterprise". Retrieved xv May 2014.
  115. ^ "ValidR on Mango website". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  116. ^ Andy Nicholls at Mango Solutions. "ValidR Enterprise: Developing an R Validation Framework" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  117. ^ FDA. "Statistical Software Clarifying Argument" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  118. ^ "An Introduction to R. Notes on R: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics" (PDF) . Retrieved iii January 2021.
  119. ^ R Development Core Squad. "Assignments with the = Operator". Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  120. ^ most used assignment operator in R is <-
    • R Development Cadre Team. "Writing R Extensions". Retrieved 11 September 2018. [...] we recommend the consistent use of the preferred assignment operator '<-' (rather than '=') for consignment.
    • "Google's R Mode Guide". Retrieved 11 September 2018.
    • Wickham, Hadley. "Style Guide". Retrieved 11 September 2018.
    • Bengtsson, Henrik (January 2009). "R Coding Conventions (RCC) – a draft". Retrieved eleven September 2018.
  121. ^ Kabacoff, Robert (2012). "Quick-R: User-Defined Functions". statmethods.net . Retrieved 28 September 2018.

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata of the R project
  • R Technical Papers

guajardotheyet2001.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)

0 Response to "R&a Gospel Acclamtion 2018 Feast of the Holy Family You Tube"

Postar um comentário

Assinar: Postar comentários (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel